UNESCO World Heritage Sites Under Threat

a tourist visits the Haw Pha Bang temple in the grounds of the Palace Museum in Luang Prabang, Laos. Photo / AP

It is officially described as the best-preserved city in Southeast Asia, a bygone seat of kings tucked into a remote river valley of Laos. Luang Prabang weaves a never-never land spell on many a visitor with its tapestry of French colonial villas and Buddhist temples draped in a languid atmosphere.

But most of the locals don't live here anymore. They began an exodus from this seeming Shangri-La after their hometown was listed a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995, and sold itself wholesale to tourism.

It's not an uncommon pattern at some of the 1,031 sites worldwide designated as places of "outstanding universal value" by the U.N. cultural agency: The international branding sparks mass tourism, residents move out as prices escalate or grab at new business opportunities, hastening the loss of their hometown's authentic character to hyper-commercialization. But locals may also prosper and some moribund communities are injected with renewed energy.

"If you open the door you will have some fresh wind, but you will also get mosquitoes," says Prince Nithakhong Tiaoksomsanith, a leader in preserving Luang Prabang's artistic heritage.

Since UNESCO helped lay down the town's welcome mat, its longtime residents have been replaced by wealthy Lao outsiders, an ever-growing influx of tourists and enough French, Australian, American and other expatriates catering to their needs to have locals rhyme Luang Prabang with "Meuang Falang" " meaning either French or Western town.

Luang Prabang's rich architectural heritage, protected by UNESCO's regulations, has been spared the eradication of countless historic sites across Asia. But virtually every home and mom-and-pop store in the historic center has been converted into a guesthouse, restaurant, cafe, bar or travel agency. The former prison was recently transformed into a luxury hotel and the French Cultural Center has become the Hibiscus Massage Parlor.

Scenes of workaday life are rare because as prices shot up " a small plot of land that sold for $8,000 three years ago now goes for $120,000 " residents moved into surrounding areas, selling or renting their properties to the newcomers. As former UNESCO consultant and longtime resident Francis Engelmann has said, "We have saved Luang Prabang's buildings but we have lost its soul."

Similar criticism has been leveled at UNESCO's worldwide program, along with praise for having rescued irreplaceable man-made and natural treasures in 163 countries since its inception in 1972.

Calling it "UNESCOcide," Italian writer on urban development Marco d'Eramo has said that whenever a city is named a heritage site, it "dies out, becoming the stuff of taxidermy. a mausoleum with dormitory suburbs attached."

Viewing UNESCO's program in a broader context, Dallen Timothy, a cultural tourism expert at Arizona State University, said indigenous heritage worldwide has become the commodity of outsiders "rather than remaining in control of the people whose cultural heritage it really is. It's a matter of powerful versus the powerless."

The director of UNESCO's World Heritage Program, Mechtild Rossler, acknowledged that a very fine line existed "between the benefits which need to be shared with the local community and the rights of the visitors." In a phone interview from the agency's headquarters in Paris, she said UNESCO currently stresses preservation of "intangible culture" rather than just bricks and stones.

Some argue that sites like the Pyramids, Grand Canyon and Stonehenge would draw crowds whether they were on UNESCO's list or not, that mass tourism is simply a 21st century phenomenon. But especially in developing countries, the designation can ignite a surge in visitors.

A worker updates the paintwork at the Wat Xieng Thong temple in Luang Prabang, Laos. Photo / AP

From a trickle, Luang Prabang, a town of some 50,000, attracted more than 530,000 foreign and domestic tourists in 2014 and all projections show steep increases. Rossler said tourists to Japan's Tomioka Silk Mills have soared by 400 percent since they were named a UNESCO site two years ago.

Governments and tourist operators are keenly aware of the benefits a UNESCO imprimatur can bring, and use it as a marketing strategy. A tourist sub-group, the "WHS baggers," has even emerged. Els Slots, one of them, says her life's goal is to visit every site, having already notched 587. The Dutch IT executive runs a website about UNESCO's program.

Laos last month marked the 20th anniversary of Luang Prabang's inscription with a 6,000-strong parade accompanied by 20 elephants.

"Emerging countries have bombarded us with new nominations, especially China and India, in addition to European countries, which have always been interested," said Rossler. "Their economic impact is tremendous, even in Europe."

As political pressure is exerted, some sites are approved well before they are properly prepared, Rossler said. The listing is finalized not by UNESCO itself but a World Heritage Committee with members from 21 nations.

In Luang Prabang, the prince said residents, tour operators and Buddhist monks were not ready to cope with the sudden influx. While flyers urging tourists to respect local customs are passed out, some offensive behavior continues. One foreigner wanted the prince to arrange sunset cocktails at a hilltop temple and other tourists point their cameras inches from the faces of monks as they pass by on their dawn rounds to collect alms.

"This is a religious procession, not Disneyland," the prince said.

Monks collect food in Luang Prabang, Laos. Photo / Jim Eagles

Compared to many places, Luang Prabang has generally abided by UNESCO's regulations, which here include forbidding pane glass and using only traditional materials when restoring temples.

Currently, 48 sites are on a UNESCO "danger list" for being seriously degraded by humans or nature " ranging from the birthplace of Jesus in Bethlehem to Florida's Everglades National Park " while two have been delisted for gross violations. Many long-listed sites have yet to present required conservation management plans.

"UNESCO should be a bit tougher on enforcing the regulations. Some of the sites in danger should be delisted, which would provide an impetus for their host countries to wake up and work on fixing what's wrong," said Arizona State's Timothy.

Aside from shaming governments into action, the agency has few enforcement powers.

Rossler puts down failures to "bad actions of governments" and stresses that UNESCO doesn't have the funds or manpower to solve festering problems, never mind the destruction of sites by war and Islamists in the Middle East.

In Luang Prabang, reactions of citizens to "moladok," or heritage, are complex. They express pride in being internationally recognized and satisfaction at opportunities for jobs and cash from tourists, hoping even more will come. But they also chafe at the UNESCO-imposed restrictions and don't generally share Western nostalgia about a pre-globalization past, preferring new houses in modern suburbs.

And yet, "They say they have lost a sense of belonging to the community, a monastery and its ceremonies, a sense of pride in their old quarter," says Engelmann, the former consultant. "It's not easy to recreate the feeling of belonging to a real community."

Thongkhoun Soutthivilay, co-director of the town's Traditional Arts and Ethnology Center, said her mother sold her traditional house for a good price and joined the exodus. Life improved in some ways.

"But we miss our old neighborhood," she said. "Some things have changed for the good, some for the bad."

A number of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites face major challenges, including the following:

MACHU PICCHU, PERU

The 15th-century Inca city of Machu Picchu, in Peru. Photo / Supplied

This magnificent "lost city of the Incas" is cited by UNESCO as beset by logging, poor waste management and agricultural incursion but hasn't been placed on its list of sites in danger. Peruvian experts are raising other alarm bells, from vehicle fumes to the unceasing tread of footsteps producing a similar effect as a small-scale earthquake that could lead to collapse of the temples and other structures.

The number of visitors "nearly 2,500 daily" appears to be overwhelming the site's safe carrying capacity. The 15th century royal retreat was built high up in the Peruvian Andes to accommodate a population estimated at no more than 800.

OMORI, JAPAN

Omori, Japan, was added to the UNESCO roster last year. Photo / 123RF

This sleepy western Japanese town had "no outstanding universal value," according to the International Council on Monuments and Sites, which makes recommendations on world heritage sites. Its only attraction was a long defunct silver mine and no tourist infrastructure existed aside from one eight-room guesthouse. But following intense lobbying by Japanese authorities, Omori was inscribed in 2007. A year later, almost 1 million tourists poured in, rupturing the quiet lifestyle of the unprepared community.

Another controversial site in Japan was added to UNESCO's roster last year: factories and mines of the country's Meiji Industrial Revolution. Tens of thousands of Koreans, Chinese and Allied prisoners of war were forced to work at some of the locations, prompting Chinese media to charge the listing "helped Japan cover up or glorify some of its past wartime atrocities." South Korea demanded that Japan make it clear that South Korean slave labor was used.

LIJIANG, CHINA

The 800-year-old town of Lijiang attracted 16 million tourists last year. Photo / 123RF

Amid widespread publicity, the 800-year-old town in China's southern province of Yunnan was declared a site in 1997, and is today one of the country's top domestic tourist destinations. Outsiders with more capital and skills moved in, sparking tensions with mostly ethnic minority residents who felt they were "losing their town." Already in the early 2000s, many streets of the old quarter were up to 90 percent in the hands of newcomers profiting by the mass influx.

Annual visitors swelled from some 150,000 before the heritage designation to 2.8 million three years later and some 16 million last year. Local culture has been adulterated in a complete tourism-oriented make-over. The charming houses are reproductions: Virtually the entire old town was razed by a 1996 earthquake.

MOUNT SAINT-MICHEL, FRANCE

Mont Saint-Michel was France's first heritage site. Photo / 123RF

This offshore islet topped by a stunning 8th century Benedictine abbey was France's first heritage site and among the first ever designated. Already a major pilgrimage destination in the Middle Ages, it underwent many transformations but has always drawn romantics and the faithful, even when it served as a prison during the French Revolution.

With a resident population of about 50 and only 247 acres (100 hectares) in size, it now attracts up to 2.8 million visitors a year. The Smithsonian Magazine wrote that its narrow, medieval streets are packed with tourists "who shoulder to shoulder, four to five thick, mill about like subway commuters at rush hour along the main street, which is nonstop cafes, hotels, restaurants and shops, selling every kind of souvenir imaginable."